International Association
for Cryptologic Research

We use pairings over elliptic curves to give a collusion-resistant traitor tracing scheme where the sizes of public keys, secret keys, and ciphertexts are independent of the number of users. Prior constructions from pairings had size $\Omega(N^{1/3})$. Our construction is non-black box.

Homomorphic encryption can address key privacy challenges in cloud-based outsourcing by enabling potentially untrusted servers to perform meaningful computation directly on encrypted data. While most homomorphic encryption schemes offer addition and multiplication over ciphertexts natively, any non-linear functions must be implemented as costly polynomial approximations due to this restricted computational model. Nevertheless, the CGGI cryptosystem is capable of performing arbitrary univariate functions over ciphertexts in the form of lookup tables through the use of programmable bootstrapping. While promising, this procedure can quickly become costly when high degrees of precision are required. To address this challenge, we propose Ripple: a framework that introduces different approximation methodologies based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) to decrease the number of entries in homomorphic lookup tables while maintaining high accuracy. Our empirical evaluations demonstrate significant error reduction compared to plain quantization methods across multiple non-linear functions. Notably, Ripple improves runtime performance for several realistic benchmarks, such as logistic regression and cross-correlation, among others.

Boolean Searchable Symmetric Encryption (SSE) enables secure outsourcing of databases to an untrusted server in encrypted form and allows the client to execute secure Boolean queries involving multiple keywords. The leakage of keyword pair result pattern (KPRP) in a Boolean search poses a significant threat, which reveals the intersection of documents containing any two keywords involved in a search and can be exploited by attackers to recover plaintext information about searched keywords (USENIX Security’16). However, existing KPRP-hiding schemes either rely on Bloom filters (S&P’14, CCS’18), leading to high false positive search results (where non-matching documents could be erroneously identified as matches) that hinder the extension to multi-client settings (CCS’13), or require excessive server storage (PETS’23), making them impractical for large-scale sparse databases.

In this paper, we introduce Hidden Boolean Search (HBS), the first KPRP-hiding Boolean SSE scheme with both negligible false positives (essential for satisfying the standard correctness definition of SSE) and low server storage requirements. HBS leverages a novel cryptographic tool called Result-hiding Filter (RH-filter). It distinguishes itself as the first tool that supports computationally correct membership queries with hiding results at nearly constant overhead. With the help of RH-filter, compared to the most efficient KPRP-hiding scheme (CCS’18) in terms of overall storage and search efficiency, HBS surpasses it across all performance metrics, mitigates false positives, and achieves significantly stronger query expressiveness. We further extend HBS to the dynamic setting, resulting in a scheme named DHBS, which maintains KPRP-hiding while ensuring forward and backward privacy—two critical security guarantees in the dynamic setting.

Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) allows a (host) device with a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to prove that it has a certified configuration of hardware and software whilst preserving the privacy of the device. All deployed DAA schemes are based on classical security assumptions. Despite a long line of works proposing post-quantum designs, the vast majority give only theoretical schemes and where concrete parameters are computed, their efficiency is far from practical. Our first contribution is to define collaborative, segregated, non-interactive zero knowledge (CoSNIZK). This notion generalizes the property of collaborative zero-knowledge as formalised by Ozdemir and Boneh (USENIX ’22) so that the zero-knowledge property need only apply to a subset of provers during collaborative proof generation. This if of particular interest for proxy-cryptography in which part of an expensive but sensitive computation may be delegated to another party. We give a lattice-based CoSNIZK based on the highly efficient proof framework in (Crypto ’22).

Our main contribution is the construction of a DAA based on the hardness of problems over module lattices as well as the ISISf assumption recently introduced by Bootle et al. (Crypto ’23). A key component of our work is the CoSNIZK construction which allows the TPM and host to jointly create attestations whilst protecting TPM key material from a potentially corrupt host. We prove the security of our DAA scheme according to the well-established UC definition of Camenisch et al. (PKC ’16). Our design achieves DAA signatures more than 1.5 orders of magnitude smaller than previous works at only 38KB making it the first truly practical candidate for post-quantum DAA.

We explore the problem of preventing length leakage in oblivious data access mechanisms with passive persistent adversaries. Designing mechanisms that prevent both access pattern and length leakage requires navigating a three-way tradeoff between storage footprint, bandwidth footprint, and the information leaked to the adversary. We establish powerful lower bounds on achievable storage and bandwidth footprints for a variety of leakage profiles, and present constructions that perfectly or near-perfectly match the lower bounds.

In a federated learning (FL) system, decentralized data owners (clients) could upload their locally trained models to a central server, to jointly train a global model. Malicious clients may plant backdoors into the global model through uploading poisoned local models, causing misclassification to a target class when encountering attacker-defined triggers. Existing backdoor defenses show inconsistent performance under different system and adversarial settings, especially when the malicious updates are made statistically close to the benign ones. In this paper, we first reveal the fact that planting subsequent backdoors with the same target label could significantly help to maintain the accuracy of previously planted back- doors, and then propose a novel proactive backdoor detection mechanism for FL named BackdoorIndicator, which has the server inject indicator tasks into the global model leveraging out-of-distribution (OOD) data, and then utilizing the fact that any backdoor samples are OOD samples with respect to benign samples, the server, who is completely agnostic of the potential backdoor types and target labels, can accurately detect the presence of backdoors in uploaded models, via evaluating the indicator tasks. We perform systematic and extensive empirical studies to demonstrate the consistently superior performance and practicality of BackdoorIndicator over baseline defenses, across a wide range of system and adversarial settings.

Multivariate Cryptography is one of the main candidates for Post-quantum Cryptography. Multivariate schemes are usually constructed by applying two secret affine invertible transformations $\mathcal S,\mathcal T$ to a set of multivariate polynomials $\mathcal{F}$ (often quadratic). The secret polynomials $\mathcal{F}$ posses a trapdoor that allows the legitimate user to find a solution of the corresponding system, while the public polynomials $\mathcal G=\mathcal S\circ\mathcal F\circ\mathcal T$ look like random polynomials. The polynomials $\mathcal G$ and $\mathcal F$ are said to be affine equivalent. In this article, we present a more general way of constructing a multivariate scheme by considering the CCZ equivalence, which has been introduced and studied in the context of vectorial Boolean functions.

We present the first comprehensive approach for detecting and analyzing symmetric cryptographic primitives in gate-level descriptions of hardware. To capture both ASICs and FPGAs, we model the hardware as a directed graph, where gates become nodes and wires become edges. For modern chips, those graphs can easily consist of hundreds of thousands of nodes. More abstractly, we find subgraphs corresponding to cryptographic primitives in a potentially huge graph, the sea-of-gates, describing an entire chip. As we are particularly interested in unknown cryptographic algorithms, we cannot rely on searching for known parts such as S-boxes or round constants. Instead, we are looking for parts of the chip that perform highly local computations. A major result of our work is that many symmetric algorithms can be reliably located and sometimes even identified by our approach, which we call HAWKEYE. Our findings are verified by extensive experimental results, which involve SPN, ARX, Feistel, and LFSR-based ciphers implemented for both FPGAs and ASICs. We demonstrate the real-world applicability of HAWKEYE by evaluating it on OpenTitan's Earl Grey chip, an open-source secure micro-controller design. HAWKEYE locates all major cryptographic primitives present in the netlist comprising 424341 gates in 44.3 seconds.

In this paper, we study the computation of complex mathematical functions in statements executed on top of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP); these functions may include roots, exponentials and logarithms, trigonometry etc. While existing approaches to these functions in privacy-preserving computations (and sometimes also in general-purpose processors) have relied on polynomial approximation, more powerful methods are available for ZKP. In this paper, we note that in ZKP, all algebraic functions are exactly computable. Recognizing that, we proceed to the approximation of transcendental functions with algebraic functions. We develop methods of approximation, instantiate them on a number of common transcendental functions, and benchmark their precision and efficiency in comparison with best polynomial approximations.

As an applied cryptographer, you’ll be pushing the boundaries of cryptographic knowledge along with the Zircuit core research team. You will work together with Zircuit’s elite and tight-knit team to tackle new theoretical problems using cryptography and apply existing cryptographic systems in innovative ways.

Zircuit’s cryptographic problems mainly revolve around zero knowledge proofs (zk-SNARK specifically). We do not expect mastery in all zero knowledge proof systems, but mastery in at least one is required. You should have a strong theoretical background and be comfortable reading and writing code.

If this sounds like you, then we highly encourage you to apply!

Expertise

Mastery of at least one zk-SNARK/zk-STARK proof system

Ability to code and develop software. Experience in least one major programming language and familiarity with versioning software

Ability to read and interpret academic papers

Ability to communicate complex ideas effectively and bridge the gap between theory and practice

Nice to have - familiarity with Circom for writing zero knowledge circuits

Nice to have - familiarity with existing designs of zero knowledge applications in blockchain.

Compensation & Perks

A competitive salary that matches your experience, plus performance bonuses and token grants

Work from anywhere, 100% remote, and flexible working hours

Generous paid time off, including maternity/paternity leave

Retirement/pension plan

Free gym membership, or any virtual alternative of your choice

Join all-expenses-paid retreats in exotic/exclusive locations with the team

Closing date for applications:

Contact: candidate-upload-to-job-rlPL6O4rdXfOvml@inbox.ashbyhq.com

More information: https://jobs.ashbyhq.com/Zircuit/64780490-7248-4e56-8d20-3c29161c6634

We are recruiting a postdoc to work with us (Razvan Barbulescu and Alice Pellet-Mary) on quantum cryptanalysis. More precisely, we are interested in

• quantum cryptanalysis of lattice problems (LWE, SIS, shortest vector problem, ...)
• quantum cryptanalysis of pre-quantum cryptography (e.g., optimizing quantum algorithms for discrete logarithm and factorization)

The starting date is flexible, between September 2024 and September 2025.

The deadline for application is June 30th.

More information about the position and how to apply are available at https://apelletm.pages.math.cnrs.fr/page-perso/documents/positions/HQI_post-doc.pdf

Closing date for applications:

Contact: Alice Pellet-Mary (alice.pellet-mary@math.u-bordeaux.fr) and Razvan Barbulescu (razvan.barbulescu@math.u-bordeaux.fr)

More information: https://apelletm.pages.math.cnrs.fr/page-perso/documents/positions/HQI_post-doc.pdf

We have an opening for an Assistant Professor in Verification of Cryptographic Implementations. We are looking for an enthusiastic colleague to strengthen our team and complement our research and teaching activities. We conduct research in many applied as well as theoretical areas of cryptology. Our team is especially known for our contributions to post-quantum cryptography. We provide an excellent environment for collaboration and support each other in continuous growth as scholars.
We are looking for:

• A team player,
• holding a PhD in an area related to cryptography or formal methods,
• experienced in doing high quality research, demonstrated, for example, by publications in top tier venues on cryptography, security, or formal methods,
• that is also interested in teaching students about their research.

We offer:

• A fun team, open for collaborations,
• supporting you in applying for personal grants, and growing into the role of a professor,
• with a large network for collaborations in academia and industry,
• providing funding for a first PhD student and travel, and
• employment conditions of a Dutch university (including two additional salaries per year and 40+ vacation days).

For questions, please reach out to Andreas Hülsing.

Closing date for applications:

Contact: Andreas Hülsing (a.t.huelsing at tue.nl)

More information: https://jobs.tue.nl/en/vacancy/assistant-professor-in-verification-of-cryptographic-implementations-1083077.html

We are recruiting a postdoc to work with us on "practical advanced post-quantum cryptography from lattices". Here "advanced" does not mean Functional Encryption or Indistinguishability Obfuscation, but OPRFs, Blind Signatures, Updatable Public-Key Encryption, even NIKE.

Cryptanalysis of newfangled assumptions, constructions from standard and new lattice assumptions, proof-of-concept implementations, higher-level protocols, hybrids etc are all in scope. If in doubt, drop us an e-mail and we can discuss.

Key data of the position:

Salary: The salary will be paid at Grade 6, £43,205 – £50,585 per annum or at Grade 7, £51,974 to £61,021 per annum, including London Weighting Allowance.

Closing date: 07 July 2024

Duration: This post will be offered on a fixed-term contract for 2 years, not exceeding 31st December 2028. This is a full-time post.

Closing date for applications:

Contact: Martin Albrecht <martin.albrecht@kcl.ac.uk>

More information: https://martinralbrecht.wordpress.com/2024/05/30/postdoc-position-in-lattice-based-cryptography/

Event date: 24 September to 26 September 2024
Submission deadline: 22 July 2024
Notification: 27 August 2024

The Ascon specification defines among others an encryption scheme offering authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) which is based on a duplex mode of a sponge. With that it is the first of such algorithm selected and about to be standardized by NIST. The sponge size is comparatively small, 320 bits, as expected for lightweight cryptography. With that, the strength of the defined AEAD algorithm is limited to 128 bits. Albeit, the definition of the Ascon AEAD algorithm integrates with the associated sponge, it is mathematically not bound to exactly this sponge function. Thus, the Ascon AEAD specification can be used with a different sponge and still operate as defined by the Ascon authors. This specification defines the Ascon-Keccak AEAD algorithm which replaces the Ascon sponge with the Keccak sponge, leaving the Ascon AEAD algorithm unchanged. The selected parameters for Ascon-Keccak AEAD offer two algorithm strengths: Ascon-Keccak 256 with a classic security strength of 256 bits and a quantum security strength of 128 bits. In addition, Ascon-Keccak 512 provides an algorithm with 512 bit classic security strength and 256 bit quantum security strength. The selected parameters for Ascon-Keccak 256 offer a significant higher performance on 64-bit architectures than Ascon-128 and Ascon-128a. The performance of Ascon-Keccak 512 is in league with Ascon-128. Yet, with the Keccak sponge size of 1600 bits, Ascon-Keccak cannot be considered a lightweight cryptographic algorithm any more. A reference implementation of the algorithm is provided as referenced in the document.

We present a framework for speeding up the search for preimages of candidate one-way functions based on highly biased differential-linear distinguishers. It is naturally applicable to preimage attacks on hash functions. Further, a variant of this framework applied to keyed functions leads to accelerated key-recovery attacks. Interestingly, our technique is able to exploit related-key differential-linear distinguishers in the single-key model without querying the target encryption oracle with unknown but related keys. This is in essence similar to how we speed up the key search based on the well known complementation property of DES, which calls for caution from the designers in building primitives meant to be secure in the single-key setting without a thorough cryptanalysis in the related-key model. We apply the method to sponge-based hash function Ascon-HASH, XOFs XOEsch/Ascon-XOF and AEAD Schwaemm, etc. Accelerated preimage or key-recovery attacks are obtained. Note that all the differential-linear distinguishers employed in this work are highly biased and thus can be experimentally verified.

We construct an indistinguishability obfuscation (IO) scheme from the sub-exponential hardness of the decisional linear problem on bilinear groups together with two variants of the learning parity with noise (LPN) problem, namely large-field LPN and (binary-field) sparse LPN. This removes the need to assume the existence pseudorandom generators (PRGs) in $\mathsf{NC}^0$ with polynomial stretch from the state-of-the-art construction of IO (Jain, Lin, and Sahai, EUROCRYPT 2022). As an intermediate step in our construction, we abstract away a notion of structured-seed polynomial-stretch PRGs in $\mathsf{NC}^0$ which suffices for IO and is implied by both sparse LPN and the existence of polynomial-stretch PRGs in $\mathsf{NC}^0$.

As immediate applications, from the sub-exponential hardness of the decisional linear assumption on bilinear groups, large-field LPN, and sparse LPN, we get alternative constructions of (a) fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) without lattices or circular security assumptions (Canetti, Lin, Tessaro, and Vaikuntanathan, TCC 2015), and (b) perfect zero-knowledge adaptively-sound succinct non-interactive arguments (SNARGs) for NP (Waters and Wu, STOC 2024).

The rise of Generative AI (GenAI) brings about transformative potential across sectors, but its dual-use nature also amplifies risks. Governments globally are grappling with the challenge of regulating GenAI, balancing innovation against safety. China, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU) are at the forefront with initiatives like the Management of Algorithmic Recommendations, the Executive Order, and the AI Act, respectively. However, the rapid evolution of GenAI capabilities often outpaces the development of comprehensive safety measures, creating a gap between regulatory needs and technical advancements.

A workshop co-organized by Google, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), and Stanford University aimed to bridge this gap between GenAI policy and technology. The diverse stakeholders of the GenAI space—from the public and governments to academia and industry—make any safety measures under consideration more complex, as both technical feasibility and regulatory guidance must be realized. This paper summarizes the discussions during the workshop which addressed questions, such as: How regulation can be designed without hindering technological progress? How technology can evolve to meet regulatory standards? The interplay between legislation and technology is a very vast topic, and we don’t claim that this paper is a comprehensive treatment on this topic. This paper is meant to capture findings based on the workshop, and hopefully, can guide discussion on this topic.

HyperPlonk is a recent SNARK proposal (Eurocrypt'23) that features a linear-time prover and supports custom gates of larger degree than Plonk. For the time being, its instantiations are only proven to be knowledge-sound (meaning that soundness is only guaranteed when the prover runs in isolation) while many applications motivate the stronger notion of simulation-extractability (SE). Unfortunately, the most efficient SE compilers are not immediately applicable to multivariate polynomial interactive oracle proofs. To address this problem, we provide an instantiation of HyperPlonk for which we can prove simulation-extractability in a strong sense. As a crucial building block, we describe KZG-based commitments to multivariate polynomials that also provide simulation-extractability while remaining as efficient as malleable ones. Our proofs stand in the combined algebraic group and random oracle model and ensure straight-line extractability (i.e., without rewinding).

At Eurocrypt $2021$, Li and Micciancio demonstrated that the IND-CPA notion of security is not sufficient to cover the passive security of approximate homomorphic encryption schemes, by outlining a key recovery attack against the CKKS scheme (Cheon, Kim, Kim, Seong, Asiacrypt $2017$). They proposed the notion of $q$-IND-CPA-D security, which allows an adversary to make $q$ calls to a restricted decryption oracle. Li and Micciancio left achieving $q$-IND-CPA-D security as an open problem, but proposed two approaches: noise flooding and an exact version of CKKS. The first approach was addressed by Li, Micciancio, Schultz and Sorrell (Crypto 2022), but leads to substantial efficiency loss.

In this work, we look at the second approach. We define $(\delta, r)$-exact CKKS, a version of CKKS that returns exact results on all except the least $r$ significant bits with (high) probability $\delta$, based on bounds on the noise. We prove that the advantage of a $q$-IND-CPA-D attacker against $(\delta, r)$-exact CKKS is determined by the failure probability of those bounds. We conduct a tight average-case and implementation-specific noise analysis of all elementary operations in CKKS, as implemented in the Lattigo library, including the bootstrapping operation. We propose bounds that have small enough failure probability for the advantage of a $q$-IND-CPA-D attacker against $(\delta,r)$-exact CKKS to become smaller than $2^{-128}$, while the parameter sets needed remain practical. We furthermore present an estimator tool that combines the bounds on basic operations and returns tight noise estimates, even for large circuits. We validate our bounds by showcasing experimental results on different iterative algorithms, homomorphic encoding, decoding and bootstrapping.