International Association
for Cryptologic Research

Recent active studies have demonstrated that cryptography without one-way functions (OWFs) could be possible in the quantum world. Many fundamental primitives that are natural quantum analogs of OWFs or pseudorandom generators (PRGs) have been introduced, and their mutual relations and applications have been studied. Among them, pseudorandom function-like state generators (PRFSGs) [Ananth, Qian, and Yuen, Crypto 2022] are one of the most important primitives. PRFSGs are a natural quantum analogue of pseudorandom functions (PRFs), and imply many applications such as IND-CPA secret-key encryption (SKE) and EUF-CMA message authentication code (MAC). However, only known constructions of (many-query-secure) PRFSGs are ones from OWFs or pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs). In this paper, we construct classically-accessible adaptive secure PRFSGs in the invertible quantum Haar random oracle (QHRO) model which is introduced in [Chen and Movassagh, Quantum]. The invertible QHRO model is an idealized model where any party can access a public single Haar random unitary and its inverse, which can be considered as a quantum analog of the random oracle model. Our PRFSG constructions resemble the classical Even-Mansour encryption based on a single permutation, and are secure against any unbounded polynomial number of queries to the oracle and construction. To our knowledge, this is the first application in the invertible QHRO model without any assumption or conjecture. The previous best construction in the idealized model is PRFSGs secure up to o(λ/ log λ) queries in the common Haar state model [Ananth, Gulati, and Lin, TCC 2024]. We develop new techniques on Haar random unitaries to prove the selective and adaptive security of our PRFSGs. For selective security, we introduce a new formula, which we call the Haar twirl approximation formula. For adaptive security, we show the unitary reprogramming lemma and the unitary resampling lemma. These have their own interest, and may have many further applications. In particular, by using the approximation formula, we give an alternative proof of the non-adaptive security of the PFC ensemble [Metger, Poremba, Sinha, and Yuen, FOCS 2024] as an additional result. Finally, we prove that our construction is not PRUs or quantum-accessible non-adaptive PRFSGs by presenting quantum polynomial time attacks. Our attack is based on generalizing the hidden subgroup problem where the relevant function outputs quantum states.

We establish a linear proximity gap for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes within the one-and-a-half Johnson bound. Specifically, we investigate the proximity gap for RS codes, revealing that any affine subspace is either entirely $\delta$-close to an RS code or nearly all its members are $\delta$-far from it. When $\delta$ is within the one-and-a-half Johnson bound, we prove an upper bound on the number of members (in the affine subspace) that are $\delta$-close to the RS code for the latter case. Our bound is linear in the length of codewords. In comparison, Ben-Sasson, Carmon, Ishai, Kopparty and Saraf [FOCS 2020] prove a linear bound when $\delta$ is within the unique decoding bound and a quadratic bound when $\delta$ is within the Johnson bound. Note that when the rate of the RS code is smaller than 0.23, the one-and-a-half Johnson bound is larger than the unique decoding bound.

Proximity gaps for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have implications in various RS code-based protocols. In many cases, a stronger property than individual distance—known as correlated agreement—is required, i.e., functions in the affine subspace are not only $\delta$-close to an RS code, but also agree on the same evaluation domain. Our results support this stronger property.

Adaptor signatures extend the functionality of regular signatures through the computation of pre-signatures on messages for statements of NP relations. Pre-signatures are publicly verifiable; they simultaneously hide and commit to a signature of an underlying signature scheme on that message. Anybody possessing a corresponding witness for the statement can adapt the pre-signature to obtain the "regular" signature. Adaptor signatures have found numerous applications for conditional payments in blockchain systems, like payment channels (CCS'20, CCS'21), private coin mixing (CCS'22, SP'23), and oracle-based payments (NDSS'23).

In our work, we revisit the state of the security of adaptor signatures and their constructions. In particular, our two main contributions are:

- Security Gaps and Definitions: We review the widely-used security model of adaptor signatures due to Aumayr et al. (ASIACRYPT'21) and identify gaps in their definitions that render known protocols for private coin-mixing and oracle-based payments insecure. We give simple counterexamples of adaptor signatures that are secure w.r.t. their definitions but result in insecure instantiations of these protocols. To fill these gaps, we identify a minimal set of modular definitions that align with these practical applications. - Secure Constructions: Despite their popularity, all known constructions are (1) derived from identification schemes via the Fiat-Shamir transform in the random oracle model or (2) require modifications to the underlying signature verification algorithm, thus making the construction useless in the setting of cryptocurrencies. More concerningly, all known constructions were proven secure w.r.t. the insufficient definitions of Aumayr et al., leaving us with no provably secure adaptor signature scheme to use in applications. Firstly, in this work, we salvage all current applications by proving the security of the widely-used Schnorr adaptor signatures under our proposed definitions. We then provide several new constructions, including presenting the first adaptor signature schemes for Camenisch-Lysyanskaya (CL), Boneh-Boyen-Shacham (BBS+), and Waters signatures, all of which are proven secure in the standard model. Our new constructions rely on a new abstraction of digital signatures, called dichotomic signatures, which covers the essential properties we need to build adaptor signatures. Proving the security of all constructions (including identification-based schemes) relies on a novel non-black-box proof technique. Both our digital signature abstraction and the proof technique could be of independent interest to the community.

We provide several attacks on the BASS signature scheme introduced by Grigoriev, Ilmer, Ovchinnikov and Shpilrain in 2023. We lay out a trivial forgery attack which generates signatures passing the scheme's probabilistic signature verification with high probability. Generating these forgeries is faster than generating signatures honestly. Moreover, we describe a key-only attack which allows us to recover an equivalent private key from a signer's public key. The time complexity of this recovery is asymptotically the same as that of signing messages.

Many foundational results in the literature of consensus follow the Dolev-Yao model (FOCS '81), which treats digital signatures as ideal objects with perfect correctness and unforgeability. However, no work has yet formalized an ideal signature scheme that is both suitable for this methodology and possible to instantiate, or a composition theorem that ensures security when instantiating it cryptographically.

The Universal Composition (UC) framework would ensure composition if we could specify an ideal functionality for signatures and prove it UC-realizable. Unfortunately, all signature functionalities heretofore proposed are problematic when used to construct higher-level protocols: either the functionality internally computes a computationally secure signature, and therefore higher-level protocols must rely upon computational assumptions, or else the functionality introduces a new attack surface that does not exist when the functionality is realized. As a consequence, no consensus protocol has ever been analyzed in a modular way using existing ideal signature functionalities.

We propose a new unstoppable ideal functionality for signatures that is UC-realized exactly by the set of standard EUF-CMA signature schemes that are consistent and linear time. No adversary can prevent honest parties from obtaining perfectly ideal signature services from our functionality. We showcase its usefulness by presenting the first modular analysis of the Dolev-Strong broadcast protocol (SICOMP '83) in the UC framework. Our result can be interpreted as a step toward a sound realization of the Dolev-Yao methodology.

In this paper we introduce the notion of encrypted RAM delegation. In an encrypted RAM delegation scheme, the prover creates a succinct proof for a group of two input strings $x_\mathsf{pb}$ and $x_\mathsf{pr}$, where $x_\mathsf{pb}$ corresponds to a large \emph{public} input and $x_\mathsf{pr}$ is a \emph{private} input. A verifier can check correctness of computation of $\mathcal{M}$ on $(x_\mathsf{pb}, x_\mathsf{pr})$, given only the proof $\pi$ and $x_\mathsf{pb}$.

We design encrypted RAM delegation schemes from a variety of standard assumptions such as DDH, or LWE, or $k$-linear. We prove strong knowledge soundness guarantee for our scheme as well as a special input hiding property to ensure that $\pi$ does not leak anything about $x_\mathsf{pr}$.

We follow this by describing multiple applications of encrypted RAM delegation. First, we show how to design a rate-1 non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) argument system with a straight-line extractor. Despite over 30+ years of research, the only known construction in the literature for rate-1 NIZKs from standard assumptions relied on fully homomorphic encryption. Thus, we provide the first rate-1 NIZK scheme based purely on DDH or $k$-linear assumptions.

Next, we also design fully-homomorphic NIZKs from encrypted RAM delegation. The only prior solution crucially relied on algebraic properties of pairing-based NIZKs, thus was only known from the decision linear assumption. We provide the first fully-homomorphic NIZK system from LWE (thus post-quantum security) and from DDH-hard groups.

We also provide a communication-complexity-preserving compiler for a wide class of semi-malicious multiparty computation (MPC) protocols to obtain fully malicious MPC protocols. This gives the first such compiler for a wide class of MPC protocols as any comparable compiler provided in prior works relied on strong non-falsifiable assumptions such as zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zkSNARKs). Moreover, we also show many other applications to composable zero-knowledge batch arguments, succinct delegation of committed programs, and fully context-hiding multi-key multi-hop homomorphic signatures.

Lattice problems have many applications in various domains of computer science. There is currently a gap in the understanding of these problems with respect to their worst-case complexity and their average-case behaviour. For instance, the Shortest Vector problem (SVP) on an n-dimensional lattice has worst-case complexity $2^{n+o(n)}$ \cite{ADRS15}. However, in practice, people rely on heuristic (unproven) sieving algorithms of time complexity $2^{0.292n+o(n)}$ \cite{BeckerDGL16} to assess the security of lattice-based cryptography schemes. Those heuristic algorithms are experimentally verified for lattices used in cryptography, which are usually random in some way.

In this paper, we try to bridge the gap between worst-case and heuristic algorithms. Using the formalism of random real lattices developped by Siegel, we show a tighter upper bound on an important lattice parameter called the smoothing parameter that applies to almost all random lattices. This allows us to obtain a $2^{n/2+o(n)}$ time algorithm for an approximation version of the SVP on random lattices with a small constant approximation factor.

The Feistel structure represents a fundamental architectural component within the domain of symmetric cryptographic algorithms, with a substantial body of research conducted within the context of classical computing environments. Nevertheless, research into specific symmetric cryptographic algorithms utilizing the Feistel structure is relatively scarce in quantum computing environments. This paper builds upon a novel 4-round distinguisher proposed by Ito et al. for the Feistel structure under the quantum chosen-ciphertext attack (qCCA) setting. It introduces a 5-round distinguisher for Camellia. The efficacy of the distinguisher has been empirically validated. Furthermore, this paper combines Grover's algorithm with Simon's algorithm, utilizing an analysis of Camellia's key scheduling characteristics to construct a 9-round key recovery attack on Camellia algorithm. The time complexity for acquiring the correct key bits is $2^{61.5}$, and it requires 531 quantum bits. This represents the inaugural chosen-ciphertext attack on Camellia under the Q2 model.

Zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge (zkSNARK) is a powerful cryptographic primitive, in which a prover convinces a verifier that a given statement is true without leaking any additional information. However, existing zkSNARKs suffer from high computation overhead in the proof generation. This limits the applications of zkSNARKs, such as private payments, private smart contracts, and anonymous credentials. Private delegation has become a prominent way to accelerate proof generation. In this work, we propose Siniel, an efficient private delegation framework for zkSNARKs constructed from polynomial interactive oracle proof (PIOP) and polynomial commitment scheme (PCS). Our protocol allows a computationally limited prover (a.k.a. delegator) to delegate its expensive prover computation to several workers without leaking any information about the private witness. Most importantly, compared with the recent work EOS (USENIX’23), the state-of-the-art zkSNARK prover delegation framework, a prover in Siniel needs not to engage in the MPC protocol after sending its shares of private witness. This means that a Siniel prover can outsource the entire computation to the workers. We compare Siniel with EOS and show significant performance advantages of the former. The experimental results show that, under low bandwidth conditions (10MBps), Siniel saves about 65% time for delegators than that of EOS, whereas under high bandwidth conditions (1000MBps), Siniel saves about 95% than EOS.

We introduce a method for enforcing covenants on Bitcoin outputs without requiring any changes to Bitcoin by designing a hash collision based equivalence check which bridges Bitcoin's limited Big Script to Bitcoin's Small Script. This allows us evaluate the signature of the spending transaction (available only to Big Script) in Small Script. As Small Script enables arbitrary computations, we can introspect into the spending transaction and enforce covenants on it.

Our approach leverages finding collisions in the $160$-bit hash functions: SHA-1 and RIPEMD-160. By the birthday bound this should cost $\sim2^{80}$ work. Each spend of our covenant costs $\sim2^{86}$ hash queries and $\sim2^{56}$ bytes of space. For security, we rely on an assumption regarding the hardness of finding a $3$-way collision (with short inputs) in $160$-bit hash functions, arguing that if the assumption holds, breaking covenant enforcement requires $\sim2^{110}$ hash queries. To put this in perspective, the work to spend our covenant is $\sim33$ hours of the Bitcoin mining network, whereas breaking our covenant requires $\sim 450,000$ years of the Bitcoin mining network. We believe there are multiple directions of future work that can significantly improve these numbers.

Evaluating covenants and our equivalence check requires performing many operations in Small Script, which must take no more than $4$ megabytes in total size, as Bitcoin does not allow transactions greater than $4$ megabytes. We only provide rough estimates of the transaction size because, as of this writing, no Small Script implementations of the hash functions required, SHA-1 and RIPEMD-160, have been written.

This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the optimal linear characteristics of BAKSHEESH. Initially, an explicit formula for the absolute correlation of the $R$-round optimal linear characteristic of BAKSHEESH is proposed when $R \geqslant 12$. By examining the linear characteristics of BAKSHEESH with three active S-boxes per round, we derive some properties of the three active S-boxes in each round. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there is only one 1-round iterative linear characteristic with three active S-boxes. Since the 1-round linear characteristic is unique, it must be included in any $R$-round ($R \geqslant 12$) linear characteristics of BAKSHEESH with three active S-boxes per round. Finally, we confirm that BAKSHEESH's total number of $R$-round optimal linear characteristics is $3072$ for $R \geqslant 12$. All of these characteristics are generated by employing the 1-round iterative linear characteristic.

We propose a privacy-preserving multiparty search protocol using threshold-level homomorphic encryption, which we prove correct and secure to honest but curious adversaries. Unlike existing approaches, our protocol maintains a constant circuit depth. This feature enhances its suitability for practical applications involving dynamic underlying databases.

Event date: 26 August 2025
Submission deadline: 27 January 2025
Notification: 10 March 2025

The successful candidate will contribute to the formal security specification, design and software implementation of cryptographic protocols in the Open Finance area. In Open Finance we envision multiple entities, each holding private data, that want to perform joint computation over this data to offer to customers the best possible financial products. The main goal of the project is to investigate what are the security requirements for Open Finance, and then provide a formal security of such a system. The successful candidate will in particular focus on optimizing the already developed cryptographic protocols and implement them focusing on a specific use case. The majority of the work will be related to the optimization and implementation of a cryptographic protocol for which we have already developed a high level specification. In this the successful candidate will be supported by members of the School of Informatics. The candidate will also be supported by members of the Business School to familiarize themselves with the concepts of Open Finance. The project is funded by Input-Output Global.

The post is full-time, available immediately for 12 months.

Your skills and attributes for success:

• Ph.D. (or near completion) in cryptography or related fields
• Experience in implementing cryptographic algorithms, and writing software for security-related applications
• Track record of strong publications
• Strong experience in provable security, and in the design of cryptographic protocols

The following criteria are not yes/no factors, but questions of degree. Recruitment will aim at selecting those candidates with the best possible performance in all these criteria.

• Experience in research in one or more of the following areas: secure multi-party computation, zero-knowledge proofs, blockchain, functional encryption, fully-homomorphic encryption, and distributed algorithms.
• Ability to communicate complex information clearly, orally, and in writing.

Closing date for applications:

Contact: Michele Ciampi michele.ciampi at ed.ac.uk
Raffaella Calabrese, raffaella calabrese at ed.ac.uk

More information: https://elxw.fa.em3.oraclecloud.com/hcmUI/CandidateExperience/en/sites/CX_1001/job/11582

Aarhus University - an international top-100 University - has made an ambitious strategic investment in recruitment to expand the Department of Computer Science. We expect to hire four candidates in 2025. Therefore, the department invites applications from candidates in computer science that are driven by excellence in research and teaching as well as external collaboration on societal challenges. The successful candidates will have the opportunity to contribute to and shape the research and teaching as well as the industrial and societal collaboration associated with the department expansion. The department has world-class research groups within "Algorithms, Data Structures and Foundations of Machine Learning", “Data-Intensive Systems", "Cryptography and Cyber Security", "Computational Complexity and Game Theory", "Logic and Semantics", "Ubiquitous Computing and Interaction", “Collaboration and Computer-Human Interaction", and "Programming Languages”. We encourage applicants to strengthen the above groups. Additionally, we wish to expand competencies within topics like Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence, NLP/Large Language Models, Quantum Computing, Quantum Cryptography, Economics and Computation, Tangible/Physical Computing, Systems and Networks, and Software Engineering. We are looking for both tenure-track Assistant professors and Associate professors, and we generally encourage candidates within all areas of Computer Science – not restricted to the above – to apply. As department we wish to build a computer science research and study environment with equality and diversity as a core value for recruitment as well as for daily study and work life. If you have visions for or experience with activities or initiatives to support such a core value in a computer science context, we encourage you to describe them in your application. The positions are open from June 2025.

Closing date for applications:

Contact: Kaj Grønbæk, Head of Department, Professor, kgronbak@cs.au.dk

More information: https://cs.au.dk/about-us/vacancies/job/aarhus-university-is-hiring-assistant-and-associate-professors-to-contribute-to-the-future-of-the-department-of-computer-science-3

We propose a new trust metric for a network of public key certificates, e.g. as in PKI, which allows a user to buy insurance at a fair price on the possibility of failure of the certifications provided while transacting with an arbitrary party in the network. Our metric builds on a metric and model of insurance provided by Reiter and Stubblebine~\cite{RS}, while addressing various limitations and drawbacks of the latter. It conserves all the beneficial properties of the latter over other schemes, including protecting the user from unintentional or malicious dependencies in the network of certifications. Our metric is built on top of a simple and intuitive model of trust and risk based on ``utility sampling'', which maybe of interest for non-monetary applications as well.

A spectre is haunting consensus protocols—the spectre of adversary majority. The literature is inconclusive, with possibilities and impossibilities running abound. Dolev and Strong in 1983 showed an early possibility for up to 99% adversaries. Yet, we have known impossibility results for adversaries above 1/2 in synchrony, and above 1/3 in partial synchrony. What gives? It is high time that we pinpoint the culprit of this confusion: the critical role of the modeling details of clients. Are the clients sleepy or always-on? Are they silent or communicating? Can validators be sleepy too? We systematize models for consensus across four dimensions (sleepy/always-on clients, silent/communicating clients, sleepy/always-on validators, and synchrony/partial-synchrony), some of which are new, and tightly characterize the achievable safety and liveness resiliences with matching possibilities and impossibilities for each of the sixteen models. To this end, we unify folklore and earlier results, and fill gaps left in the literature with new protocols and impossibility theorems.

The meteoric rise in power and popularity of machine learning models dependent on valuable training data has reignited a basic tension between the power of running a program locally and the risk of exposing details of that program to the user. At the same time, fundamental properties of quantum states offer new solutions to data and program security that can require strikingly few quantum resources to exploit, and offer advantages outside of mere computational run time. In this work, we demonstrate such a solution with quantum one-time tokens.

A quantum one-time token is a quantum state that permits a certain program to be evaluated exactly once. One-time security guarantees, roughly, that the token cannot be used to evaluate the program more than once. We propose a scheme for building quantum one-time tokens for any randomized classical program, which include generative AI models. We prove that the scheme satisfies an interesting definition of one-time security as long as outputs of the classical algorithm have high enough min-entropy, in a black box model.

Importantly, the classical program being protected does not need to be implemented coherently on a quantum computer. In fact, the size and complexity of the quantum one-time token is independent of the program being protected, and additional quantum resources serve only to increase the security of the protocol. Due to this flexibility in adjusting the security, we believe that our proposal is parsimonious enough to serve as a promising candidate for a near-term useful demonstration of quantum computing in either the NISQ or early fault tolerant regime.

\textit{Federated Learning} (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm that allows multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing local data. Numerous works have explored security and privacy protection in FL, as well as its integration with blockchain technology. However, existing FL works still face critical issues. \romannumeral1) It is difficult to achieving \textit{poisoning robustness} and \textit{data privacy} while ensuring high \textit{model accuracy}. Malicious clients can launch \textit{poisoning attacks} that degrade the global model. Besides, aggregators can infer private data from the gradients, causing \textit{privacy leakages}. Existing privacy-preserving poisoning defense FL solutions suffer from decreased model accuracy and high computational overhead. \romannumeral2) Blockchain-assisted FL records iterative gradient updates on-chain to prevent model tampering, yet existing schemes are not compatible with practical blockchains and incur high costs for maintaining the gradients on-chain. Besides, incentives are overlooked, where unfair reward distribution hinders the sustainable development of the FL community. In this work, we propose FLock, a robust and privacy-preserving FL scheme based on practical blockchain state channels. First, we propose a lightweight secure \textit{Multi-party Computation} (MPC)-friendly robust aggregation method through quantization, median, and Hamming distance, which could resist poisoning attacks against up to $<50\%$ malicious clients. Besides, we propose communication-efficient Shamir's secret sharing-based MPC protocols to protect data privacy with high model accuracy. Second, we utilize blockchain off-chain state channels to achieve immutable model records and incentive distribution. FLock achieves cost-effective compatibility with practical cryptocurrency platforms, e.g. Ethereum, along with fair incentives, by merging the secure aggregation into a multi-party state channel. In addition, a pipelined \textit{Byzantine Fault-Tolerant} (BFT) consensus is integrated where each aggregator can reconstruct the final aggregated results. Lastly, we implement FLock and the evaluation results demonstrate that FLock enhances robustness and privacy, while maintaining efficiency and high model accuracy. Even with 25 aggregators and 100 clients, FLock can complete one secure aggregation for ResNet in $2$ minutes over a WAN. FLock successfully implements secure aggregation with such a large number of aggregators, thereby enhancing the fault tolerance of the aggregation.

The Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH) scheme is a public key cryptosystem that was submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology's competition for the standardization of post-quantum cryptography protocols. The private key in SIDH consists of an isogeny whose degree is a prime power. In July 2022, Castryck and Decru discovered an attack that completely breaks the scheme by recovering Bob's secret key, using isogenies between higher dimensional abelian varieties to interpolate and reconstruct the isogenies comprising the SIDH private key. The original attack applies in theory to any prime power degree, but the implementation accompanying the original attack required one of the SIDH keys involved in a key exchange to have degree equal to a power of $2$. An implementation of the power of $3$ case was published subsequently by Decru and Kunzweiler. However, despite the passage of several years, nobody has published any implementations for prime powers other than $2$ or $3$, and for good reason --- the necessary higher dimensional isogeny computations rapidly become more complicated as the base prime increases. In this paper, we provide for the first time a fully general isogeny interpolation implementation that works for any choice of base prime, and provide timing benchmarks for various combinations of SIDH base prime pairs. We remark that the technique of isogeny interpolation now has constructive applications as well as destructive applications, and that our methods may open the door to increased flexibility in constructing isogeny-based digital signatures and cryptosystems.