International Association for Cryptologic Research

International Association
for Cryptologic Research

IACR News

If you have a news item you wish to distribute, they should be sent to the communications secretary. See also the events database for conference announcements.

Here you can see all recent updates to the IACR webpage. These updates are also available:

email icon
via email
RSS symbol icon
via RSS feed

21 April 2026

Paul Rösler, Katharina Schambach, Julian Thomas
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Atomic swaps allow two parties to exchange coins across blockchains without trust. Most existing solutions support a 1-to-1 transaction; however, the value ratio of two cryptocurrencies is usually not 1-to-1. In addition, these solutions often rely on blockchains with explicit support structures for atomic swaps, typically hashed timelocks (HTLCs) or smart-contract scripting. Thyagarajan et al. (SP'22) provide a solution for n-to-m swaps utilizing adaptor signatures instead, which offer better privacy for the participants. Significantly, all these approaches need timed transactions or a similar substitute on both sides, but not every blockchain supports timed transactions. Hoenisch et al. (ESORICS'22) demonstrate a concrete swap procedure between Bitcoin and Monero, where only one side needs timed transactions. We build upon both of these ideas to provide a generic solution for any blockchain, where only one side needs timed transactions.

We introduce a generic adaptor-signature protocol for n-to-m swaps. In doing so, we minimize assumptions compared to current solutions. Both sides lock their coins in shared (two-party signature) addresses, where they can only access the coins together. To prevent deadlocks, both parties are able to refund their coins from these addresses with pre-signed transactions. Our solution works with all relevant blockchains because it needs only standard signatures and a joint public key. Further, only one side needs timed transactions, and if each party acts in its best interest, there are two possible outcomes: If progress stalls, the side with timelocks refunds after a certain time, and the other side refunds immediately. Otherwise, one party redeems the other party's coins with pre-signed transactions, and the other party completes the swap after a timeout to prevent race conditions. We prove security in the universal composability framework and show privacy preservation via unlinkability and fungibility.
Expand
Xavier Bultel, Khouredia Cisse
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Several modern applications, such as Signal or WireGuard, use efficient Noise-like implicit authentication key exchanges that require only a small number of exponentiations and two interactions. These protocols have been proven to be secure under the 'strong Diffie–Hellman' (SDH) assumption in the random oracle model (ROM). At ESORICS 2021, Ramacher, Slamanig and Weninger presented an extension to the implicit authenticated key exchange security model, which enables strong privacy properties to be captured in addition to key-secrecy, including man-in-the-middle privacy (ensuring privacy even if a session is interrupted) and forward privacy. They also proposed a protocol to instantiate their model. In this paper, we present an efficient Noise-like protocol that achieve privacy in this model. Our protocol is as efficient as Noise-like protocols that do not guarantee privacy in terms of exponentiations. Moreover, our protocol requires three interactions, which is optimal for this privacy model. It is also more efficient than the ESORICS 2021 protocol in terms of both exponentiations and interactions. Finally, we propose another round-optimal protocol, slightly less efficient in terms of exponentiations, but secure under the CDH assumption in the ROM.
Expand
Mahdieh Heidaripour, Maryam Rezapour, Benjamin Fuller, Hoda Maleki, Gagan Agrawal
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Searchable encryption enables efficient querying over outsourced data while limiting server-side leakage. Existing methods for associative aggregation queries on multidimensional array data suffer from significant limitations:

* Use range structures that precompute ranges yielding either:

** Storage size proportional to the total domain size (Demertzis et al., TODS 2018/Falzon et al., PVLDB2022). ** Or linear-time search in the worst case (Chang et al., IEEE TKDE 2021).

* Bucket-based methods (Espiritu, Markatou, Tamassia, PoPETS 2022) are only practical when the largest bucket is small. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) approaches (Kushnir, Moskowich, Shaul, PoPETS 2024) remain computationally impractical.

Due to strong attacks on range schemes with access pattern leakage (Falzon et al., CCS 2020), we consider the task of oblivious search. We propose oblivious segment trees, which offer efficient storage and search. Our approach achieves polylogarithmic query complexity. Storage depends on the number of distinct values per dimension, not on the domain size. Under typical data distributions, segment trees are provably shorter than standard alternatives.

We evaluate performance on datasets with 1–3 dimensions and up to $5$ million entries. Across multidimensional datasets, our method reduces the number of stored items by $10$ to $10^{10}$ compared to prior non-FHE approaches. On a 32-thread machine, server-side query processing remains under $1.2$ seconds.
Expand
Cody Freitag, Ilan Komargodski, Manu Kondapaneni, Jad Silbak
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Non-malleable codes allow a sender to transmit a message to a receiver, while providing a ``best-possible'' integrity guarantee to ensure that no attacker---who cannot already decode the message---can meaningfully tamper the message in transit. If tampered, the received message should either be invalid or unrelated to the original message. Non-malleable time-lock puzzles (TLPs) are a special case of non-malleable codes for bounded polynomial-depth tampering with very efficient encoding.

In this work, we give generic techniques for constructing non-malleable codes and non-malleable TLPs with improved rate, which captures the ratio of a message's length to its encoding length.

A key contribution of our work is identifying a security notion for non-malleability, which we term ``CCA-hiding'', sufficient for our compilers. CCA-hiding is a relaxation of CCA-security for encryption or commitments to the fine-grained setting of codes, and requires that the encoded message remains hidden, even given a decoding oracle for any other codeword. Intriguingly, CCA-hiding does not imply non-malleability in the fine-grained setting, as is the case for encryption and commitments.

Using our new techniques, we give the following constructions: -- Rate-1 CCA-hiding TLPs in the plain model. -- Rate-1 non-malleable codes for bounded polynomial-depth tampering in the auxiliary-input random oracle model (AI-ROM). -- Rate-(1/2) non-malleable TLPs in the AI-ROM.
Expand
Bibhas Chandra Das, Nilanjan Datta, Avijit Dutta, Avishek Majumder, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay, Sikhar Patranabis, Subhabrata Samajder, Laltu Sardar
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Designing dynamic searchable symmetric encryption (DSSE) supporting conjunctive keyword queries over encrypted document collections is an important research area. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art conjunctive DSSE schemes such as ODXT (Patranabis et al., NDSS '21), and SDSSE-CQ and its variants (Zuo et al., PoPETS '25) either fail to achieve the desired levels of security (in particular, forward and/or backward privacy), or incur prohibitively large communication requirements and client-side computational overheads, which is undesirable for practical applications. In addition, all known conjunctive DSSE schemes that are both forward and backward private are quantum-broken due to their inherent reliance on discrete log-hard, prime-order cyclic groups.

In this paper, we address the open question of designing practically efficient, low-leakage, forward and backward private conjunctive DSSE with small communication requirements and small client-side overheads. Towards this goal, we introduce the first systematic and rigorously formal notions of backward privacy for conjunctive queries that naturally extend the corresponding notions of backward privacy for single-keyword DSSE. Next, as our main contribution, we propose a new framework for conjunctive DSSE called fp-GA-ODXT that improves upon both ODXT and SDSSE-CQ-variants by achieving full-fledged forward privacy and strong backward privacy guarantees, while incurring small client-side computation and low communication overheads. We then demonstrate two instantiations of our fp-GA-ODXT framework: 1) A concretely efficient, classically secure instance based on discrete log-hard groups and an RSA-based trapdoor permutation, which we implement and benchmark. Our experiments demonstrate that we achieve smaller communication overheads and client-side computation for both updates and conjunctive searches as compared to both ODXT and SDSSE-CQ-variants. These come at the cost of a mild increase in server computation (which we view as an acceptable tradeoff in practice). 2) A post-quantum instantiation based on lattices and isogenies of supersingular elliptic curves, thus solving the longstanding open question of designing asymptotically efficient, forward and backward private conjunctive DSSE schemes with post-quantum security.
Expand

19 April 2026

Jens Groth
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We construct non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments for circuit satisfiability with perfect completeness, perfect zero knowledge and computational soundness. The non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments have sublinear size and very efficient public verification. Their size can even be reduced to a constant number of group elements if we allow the common reference string to be large. Our constructions rely on groups with pairings, and security is based on two new cryptographic assumptions; we do not use the Fiat-Shamir heuristic or random oracles.
Expand
Damiano Abram, Giulio Malavolta, Lawrence Roy
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We propose a new method to construct homomorphic authentication codes supporting the evaluation of *non-deterministic* computations, extending the celebrated homomorphic lattice encodings [Boneh et al., Eurocrypt 2014]. Our approach relies on the hardness of the decomposed learning with errors problem (LWE), a recently introduced modification of Regev's LWE assumption.

We then use this new technical tool to make progress on several open problems in the literature. Specifically, we obtain: 1) A constrained pseudorandom function (PRF), where the evaluation of the PRF on the master key does not depend on the complexity of the constraint, except for its circuit depth. 2) A way to securely compress and re-expand LWE samples in the plain model. 3) An adaptively secure broadcast encryption scheme, with ciphertext and secret keys growing poly-logarithmically with the size of the encrypted set. 4) A pseudorandom obfuscation for all puncturable PRFs, additionally assuming the existence of sub-exponentially secure indistinguishability obfuscation (iO).

None of the above mentioned primitives was known to exist from lattice assumptions. As a bonus result, we also obtain a conceptually simple and direct heuristic construction of iO based on lattice techniques, which is not based on the function encryption-to-iO paradigm. We provide evidence that this approach can be used to build provably secure obfuscation for simple functionalities such as sampling lattice preimages using a hidden trapdoor.
Expand
Shaolong TANG, Peng Jiang, Fuchun Guo, Willy Susilo, Liehuang Zhu
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Threshold blind signatures (TBS) allow any set of issuers whose size exceeds a predefined threshold to jointly generate a signature without learning the message. Adaptively secure TBS schemes allow the adversary to corrupt issuers at any point during protocol execution, capturing realistic threat models. Adaptive security methods rely on the algebraic group model (AGM) in security proofs to extract the discrete logarithm of the blinded protocol message. However, as a strong idealized assumption, AGM requires the adversary, upon outputting any group element, to also provide an explicit linear representation in terms of previously seen group elements. Constructing an adaptively secure TBS scheme without AGM remains challenging.

In this paper, we propose $\mathsf{Rainblind}$, the first TBS scheme achieving adaptive security without AGM. The core idea is to apply OR compilation between a discrete logarithm equality (DLEQ) statement and a decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH) tuple statement such that the security proof does not need the AGM to extract the discrete logarithm of the blinded protocol message and instead only needs to extract the group element. Concretely, the DLEQ statement concerns the secret key, while the DDH-tuple statement is derived from a hash function. In real execution, it fails to satisfy the DDH-tuple statement by the uniform hash randomness, forcing the DLEQ branch. In security proof, by programming OR compilation into the DDH-tuple branch, we can leverage random elements to replace the DLEQ elements during the signing queries. To extract the group element, we design a non-interactive proof system $\mathsf{NIPS_{ped}}$. $\mathsf{Rainblind}$ is built from the tagged linear function ($\mathsf{TLF}$), so that the proof can answer adaptive corruption queries via the inversion oracle in the $t$-algebraic translation resistance assumption of $\mathsf{TLF}$, which implies DDH assumption. We also provide a plain signature $\mathsf{Sig_m}$ and a blind signature $\mathsf{BS_m}$ for transitioning to $\mathsf{Rainblind}$.
Expand
Ming-Shing Chen, Tun-You Chien, Chun-Ming Chiu, Han-Hsuan Lin, Chun-Tao Peng, Bo-Yin Yang
ePrint Report ePrint Report
This paper presents an optimized implementation of the Hamming Quasi-Cyclic (HQC) key encapsulation mechanism, leveraging the additive fast Fourier transform (FFT) for polynomial multiplication. A primary challenge in applying FFT-based multiplication to HQC is that the polynomial degrees slightly exceed powers of two, making standard FFT approaches inefficient. To address this, we propose a new method combining the Frobenius additive FFT (FAFFT) with the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to efficiently multiply polynomials of these specific degrees. Such a combination is made possible by our new interpretation of FAFFT's Encode step as ring isomorphisms, from which we derive an exact formula for the modulus of any FAFFT-based polynomial multiplier.

In addition to the multiplication algorithm, we replace the Berlekamp-Massey decoder with an Extended Euclidean Algorithm (EEA) based method. The regular data flow of EEA facilitates the use of our highly optimized GF(256) SIMD arithmetic, leading to a faster execution speed.

Benchmarks demonstrate that our FFT-based approach significantly outperforms traditional Toom-Karatsuba methods, even at lower degrees, on the Arm Cortex-M4 platform. Our integrated optimizations result in a 19.5% and 20.4% speedups for the encapsulation and the decapsulation processes compared to the current state-of-the-art HQC-1 implementation.
Expand
Antonio Giulio D'Antona, Charlotte Hoffmann, Krzysztof Pietrzak
ePrint Report ePrint Report
A proof of knowledge certifies that the prover “knows” a secret. This property is established by the existence of an extractor that, given access to the prover, can extract the secret. Unfortunately, this does not imply that a single entity has access to the secret in the clear, as it may be secret-shared among several parties and the proof computed using multiparty computation (MPC), or the secret may be embedded in a trusted execution environment (TEE) that only allows limited access to it.

Often, the ability to encumber a secret in this way breaks the security of a system; vote selling in e-voting schemes is one example. To address this, two recent papers introduced the notions of “Proofs of Complete Knowledge” (PoCK) [Kelkar et al., CCS’24] and “Individual Cryptography” [Dziembowski et al., CRYPTO’23]. While the goals and constructions in those works differ, both rely on the same key idea to prevent encumbrance. To compute a proof, the prover must evaluate a hash function on a huge number of inputs. One then assumes that only a fraction of those can be encumbered, while for the rest the prover must know the inputs in the clear, and these clear inputs are sufficient to extract the secret. Computing a huge number of hashes is a challenge even for an honest prover (who has the secret in the clear), so those works suggest using outdated Bitcoin mining hardware to make the scheme practical.

By forcing the prover to evaluate the hashes in a sequential manner, we could get meaningful security against encumbrance with far fewer hashes, especially against MPC, where round complexity is a major bottleneck.

As a concrete instantiation of this idea, we define and construct Sequential Proofs of Complete Knowledge (SPoCK). Our construction uses the PoCK of Kelkar et al. (which are based on Fischlin’s straight-line extractable proofs of knowledge). The computation of this PoCK is then embedded into the computation of the Proof of Sequential Work from [Cohen&Pietrzak, EUROCRYPT’18]. SPoCK thus have the potential to enable complete-knowledge or individual-cryptography primitives where honest parties can use standard hardware. We also propose a variant of this scheme that requires a large amount of memory throughout the evaluation, providing better security also against TEEs.
Expand
Charlotte Hoffmann, Krzysztof Pietrzak
ePrint Report ePrint Report
A verifiable delay function (VDF), introduced by Boneh et al. [CRYPTO’18], on input $(x,T)$ produces an output $(y,\pi)$ where computing $y$ requires $T$ inherently sequential steps, and $\pi$ is a proof certifying correctness. VDFs have found numerous applications, and many of these rely on the assumption that honest parties can evaluate the VDF nearly as fast as adversaries.

To support this assumption, significant effort has been invested in developing dedicated VDF hardware (ASICs). However, such devices are expensive and produced in limited quantities, leaving only a small number of parties with access to fast VDF evaluation. A natural workaround is to offer “VDFs as a service,” where a server equipped with specialized hardware evaluates instances on behalf of clients. This approach, however, is unsuitable when the VDF input must remain private.

In this work, we introduce and construct blind VDFs, enabling secure VDF outsourcing without revealing the input. Inspired by blind signatures, our protocol allows a client to transform an input $x$ into a blinded instance $\alpha$, which is evaluated by the server. The server returns a result $\beta$, from this and its local state, the client can unblind to recover the correct output $(y,\pi)$, while the server learns nothing about $x$.

We realize this notion by constructing a blinded version of Pietrzak’s VDF [ITCS’19]. In the original scheme, computing $y$ requires $T$ sequential steps, while generating the proof $\pi$ can be done in $O(T/S)$ parallel time using $O(S)$ space (e.g., $O(\sqrt{T})$ time and space). In our blind variant, the server performs the $T$ sequential steps and sends $O(S)$ data to the client, who completes the unblinding in $O(T/S)$ time. By allowing slightly more interaction, we obtain a protocol where the client’s work is small, while the server performs essentially the same computation as in the unblinded VDF.
Expand
Sanajit Patra, Ratna Dutta, Jayashree Dey
ePrint Report ePrint Report
In this work, we propose the first code-based $\mathsf{uPKE}$ from the hamming quasi-cyclic public key encryption scheme $(\mathsf{hqcPKE})$ of Gaborit et al. by integrating an efficient key-update mechanism utilizing a carefully designed deterministic sampling algorithm. Our sampling algorithm exploits a structured permutation set preserving Hamming weight and satisfying specific algebraic properties that is of independent interest. More positively, our protocol allows unbounded key updates free from the cumulative error issues inheriant to lattice based designs and supports asynchronous key updates, authorizing senders to update the public key independently. We formally establish the security of the proposed construction against indistinguishability under chosen-randomness and chosen-plaintext attack $(\mathsf{IND}\text{-}\mathsf{CR}\text{-}\mathsf{CPA})$ in standard model considering decisional quasi-cyclic syndrome decoding with parity $(\mathsf{DQCSDP})$ assumption. We emphasize that in comparison with existing post-quantum secure asynchronous schemes supporting unbounded updates, our construction achieves in the standard model instead of random oracle model significantly improved storage and communication efficiency, particularly in terms of public key size, ciphertext size and update ciphertext size. From a computational perspective, our design enables a more efficient public key update procedure and exhibits comparable performance for key generation, encryption, decryption and secret key update.
Expand
Emanuele Bellini, Mohamed Rachidi, Sharwan K. Tiwari
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We present CLAASP-MP, a monomial prediction (MP) tool based on the three-subset division property without unknown subset (3SDP-woU), integrated into CLAASP, a library for automated analysis of symmetric key cryptographic primitives. The propagation rules of 3SDP-woU are encoded as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model generated directly from the CLAASP component graph, covering the main building blocks used in modern symmetric designs, including S-boxes, linear layers, Boolean word operations, modular addition and multiplication, and linear and nonlinear feedback shift register updates.

Using this model for selected output bits, CLAASP-MP computes algebraic normal form (ANF) (for a small number of rounds), derives superpolies for a chosen cube, and computes a tight upper bound on the algebraic degree with respect to plaintext, key, or IV variables. A monomial is absent if its ANF coefficient is zero, if it does not appear in the superpoly, or if the algebraic degree is too small for it to occur; in all such cases, the output is balanced and yields an integral distinguisher.

We evaluate \name{} on block ciphers, permutations, and stream ciphers implemented in \claasp{}. We introduce an exact bit-level MILP modeling technique for modular multiplication and apply it to provide the first independent algebraic analysis of the MSX block cipher, identifying integral properties that persist up to 7 rounds for MSX-128. Furthermore, we reproduce known distinguishers and identify new cubes for several block ciphers and extend the best-known integral distinguishers of ChaCha and Salsa permutations from 6 and 5 rounds, respectively, to 6.75 rounds. We also discovered new integral distinguishers for Bivium using several 36-dimensional cubes and extended the exact computation of the algebraic degree of Trivium to later initialization clocks while reproducing many published superpolies.

These results show that CLAASP-MP provides a unified and practical MILP-based framework for monomial prediction and algebraic analysis across a wide range of symmetric primitives.
Expand
Kwangjo Kim
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We investigate the security of AES-128/192/256 when implemented as ReLU-based neural networks via the natural sum-of-corners construction. Although these implementations are bit-exact on Boolean inputs, they extend AES into a continuous piecewise-linear function over $\mathbb{R}^{128}$. We show that under real-valued oracle access, such neural realizations admit deterministic linear-time master-key recovery. The attack exploits a geometric property of the natural XOR (AddRoundKey) layer: for corner parameter c < 1, ReLU activations partition the input space into key-dependent linear regions. Using symmetric perturbations, exactly one key hypothesis preserves linear-region membership, enabling bitwise recovery through simple output-equality tests. We formalize this phenomenon via a local separability lemma and obtain attack complexity O(128R) neural queries for R rounds. Experiments over 1,000 independent random keys for AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 achieve 100% recovery success. The vulnerability is independent of key size and round count; it stems solely from exposing a key-dependent XOR layer inside a continuous neural architecture. Our results reveal a fundamental gap between Boolean security and geometric security in neural implementations of cryptographic primitives.
Expand
Michiya Iwata, Ryomei Sugai, Kosuke Sakata, Tsuyoshi Takagi
ePrint Report ePrint Report
The security of multivariate public-key cryptography, a major approach to post-quantum cryptography, is based on the computational hardness of solving systems of multivariate quadratic equations over finite fields (the MQ problem). The MQ problem consists of solving a system of quadratic equations over a finite field of size $q$, with $n$ variables and $m$ polynomials. The existence probability of solutions to the MQ problem plays a central role in analyzing the security of multivariate cryptography. However, explicit bounds for fixed parameters $(q,n,m)$ have not been sufficiently studied. In this work, we evaluate the existence probability for randomly generated MQ systems with fixed parameters by analyzing the coefficient space arising from the MQ system. Using the inclusion--exclusion principle, we obtain a lower bound (approximately $0.625$) and an upper bound (approximately $0.667$) on the existence probability, focusing on the case $m=n$. We also derive upper and lower bounds on the probability that the number of solutions is exactly one in the case $m=n$. Finally, we analyze the existence probability of solutions to the MQ problem in the case $m \neq n$.
Expand
Jaehyung Kim
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We study efficient non-arithmetic operations in (G)BFV with arbitrary plaintext modulus. We design scheme conversions between (G)BFV and Discrete CKKS, allowing (G)BFV ciphertexts to use radix-based integer computation in the Discrete CKKS setting. This gives asymptotically faster logical operations: for plaintext modulus $p$, homomorphic comparison runs in $O(\log p \log\log p)$ for BFV and $O(\log\log p)$ for GBFV.
Expand
Yifei Cai, Zhuoran Li, Yizhou Feng, Qiao Zhang, Hongyi Wu, Danella Zhao, Chunsheng Xin
ePrint Report ePrint Report
The rapid adoption of Transformer-based AI has been driven by accessible models such as ChatGPT, which provide API-based services for developers and businesses. However, as these online inference services increasingly handle sensitive inputs, privacy concerns have emerged as a significant challenge. To address this, secure inference frameworks have been proposed, but their high computational and communication overhead often limit practical deployment. In plaintext settings, token drop is an effective technique for reducing inference cost; however, our analysis reveals that directly applying such methods to ciphertext scenarios is suboptimal due to distinct cost distributions in secure computation. We propose SecDTD, a dynamic token drop scheme tailored for secure Transformer inference. SecDTD advances token drop by shifting the dropping to earlier inference stages, effectively reducing the cost of key components such as Softmax. To support this, we introduce two core techniques. Max-Centric Normalization (MCN): A novel, Softmax-independent scoring method that enables early token drop with minimal overhead and improved normalization, supporting more aggressive dropping without accuracy loss. OMSel: A faster, oblivious median selection protocol that securely identifies the median of importance scores to support token drop. Compared to existing sorting-based methods, OMSel achieves a 16.9 times speedup while maintaining security, obliviousness and randomness. We evaluate SecDTD through 48 experiments across eight GLUE datasets under various network settings using the BOLT and BumbleBee frameworks. SecDTD achieves 4.47 times end-to-end inference acceleration without degradation in accuracy.
Expand
Yifei Cai, Yizhou Feng, Qiao Zhang, Chunsheng Xin, Hongyi Wu
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Privacy-preserving deep learning addresses privacy concerns in Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) using Homomorphic Encryption (HE) for linear computations. Nevertheless, the high computational cost remains a challenge. While prior work has attempted to improve the efficiency, most are built upon models originally designed for plaintext inference. These models are inherently limited by architectural inefficiencies when adapted to HE settings. We argue that substantial efficiency improvements can be achieved by designing networks specifically tailored to the unique computational characteristics of HE, rather than retrofitting existing plaintext models. Our design comprises two main components: the building block and the overall architecture. The first, StriaBlock, targets the most expensive HE operation—Rotation. It integrates ExRot-Free Convolution and a novel Cross Kernel, completely eliminating the need for external Rotation and requiring only 19% of the internal Rotation operations compared to plaintext models. The second component, the architectural principle, includes the Focused Constraint Principle, which limits cost-sensitive factors while preserving flexibility in others, and the Channel Packing-Aware Scaling Principle, which dynamically adapts bottleneck ratios based on ciphertext channel capacity that varies with network depth. These strategies efficiently control the local and overall HE cost, enabling a balanced architecture for HE settings. The resulting network, StriaNet, is comprehensively evaluated. While prior works primarily focus on small-scale datasets such as CIFAR-10, we conduct an extensive evaluation of StriaNet across datasets of varying scales, including large-scale (ImageNet), medium-scale (Tiny ImageNet), and small-scale (CIFAR-10) benchmarks. At comparable accuracy levels, StriaNet achieves speedups of 9.78 times, 6.01 times, and 9.24 times on ImageNet, Tiny ImageNet, and CIFAR-10, respectively.
Expand
Christodoulos Pappas, Dimitrios Papadopoulos, Charalampos Papamanthou
ePrint Report ePrint Report
We propose the first collaborative SNARK based on error-correcting codes that is scalable, i.e., the proof computation overhead is distributed among the $N$ provers. As a starting point, we introduce the notion of $(t,l)$-zero-knowledge collaborative codes that ensure that, when collaboratively computing a codeword over a distributed message, no coalition of up to $t$ corrupted parties learns any additional information about the message, even having queried up to $l$ codeword positions. We show that tensor codes consisting of the composition of two Reed-Solomon codes satisfy our definition, while also being foldable. We then propose a collaborative interactive oracle proof of proximity (coIOPP) for testing codeword closeness in our code, show how it can be made a zero-knowledge IOPP using randomness logarithmic in the size of the message (as opposed to linear with prior approaches), and we use it to construct a coIOPP for multi-linear polynomial evaluation. To compile our coIOPPs into non-interactive arguments, we prove that a natural extension of the compiler of Ben-Sasson-Chiesa-Spooner~(TCC 2016) in the collaborative setting preserves round-by-round (knowledge) soundness against quantum adversaries, which may be of independent interest for future work in collaborative SNARKs. Finally, we use an optimized collaborative version of the Spartan PIOP to build the first transparent and post-quantum secure scalable collaborative SNARK. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that our scheme consistently outperforms the best existing (non-post-quantum secure) scalable collaborative SNARKs, both in end-to-end prover time and in total communication among provers, for all tested configurations.
Expand
Mert Yassi, Soundes Marzougui, Raymond K. Zhao, Muhammed F. Esgin, Amin Sakzad, Ron Steinfeld
ePrint Report ePrint Report
Discrete Gaussian sampling (DGS) is a fundamental method for generating random noise in various post-quantum cryptographic key generation and signature schemes. However, DGS has been shown to be highly susceptible to side-channel analysis, and several countermeasures have been developed. Masking, a robust countermeasure, is widely employed to secure these schemes against side-channel attacks. Due to the non-linear arithmetic operations involved, DGS has traditionally been considered unsuitable for efficient masked implementations. In this work, we propose $\textsf{MAGNET}$: an efficient masking design for the novel discrete Gaussian sampler based on Boolean circuits introduced by Wei et al. at ACM CCS 2023. With $\textsf{MAGNET}$, we demonstrate that DGS can be implemented in a masking-friendly manner. Previous masked DGS approaches in the literature have relied on computation-intensive floating point operations or table-lookup-based techniques using Cumulative Distribution Tables (CDT). In contrast, we show that DGS can be efficiently masked for moderate orders without relying on heavy computation or precomputed large lookup tables. In addition to delivering good performance at a small standard deviation $\sigma$, the efficiency of $\textsf{MAGNET}$ becomes increasingly significant in large $\sigma$ settings. $\textsf{MAGNET}$ achieves up to $17\times$ speed-up at $\sigma = 256$, and $56\times$ speed-up at $\sigma = 1024$ over the CDT-based sampler of Gérard and Rossi (2019). We provide an arbitrary-order C implementation and a first-order ARM Cortex-M4 implementation of $\textsf{MAGNET}$. We validate the practical security of the first-order implementation through Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA) and systematic hardening of gadgets that exhibit side-channel leakage.
Expand
◄ Previous Next ►